ProjectVote.orgRepresentational Bias in the 2006 ElectorateThe proportion of the U.S. population that registers to vote and that does vote is highly skewed towards Whites, the educated and the wealthy. Furthermore, young eligible Americans, particularly young minority males, and those who have recently moved, are disproportionately represented among those who do not participate in the U.S. electorate.
This report provides an introductory review of frequency tables for responses to some of the questions in the November 2006 CPS as well as cross tabulations showing how the responses interact with race, gender and income. Data on voter registration and voter turnout for each state and the District of Columbia for 2002, 2004 and 2006 are also provided.
ProjectVote.org: Caging Democracy ReportRepublicans have engaged in voter caging on the national and
state level since the late 1950’s. According to many election observers, voter caging is a controversial
political tactic that typically targets minority voters to directly disenfranchise them or suppress their
vote by intimidation. Republican officials, on the other hand, maintain that voter caging is part of
what they describe as “ballot security†measures necessary to combat voter fraud.
The following report reviews Republican voter caging operations during the last 50 years,
culminating with the unprecedented number of large voter caging operations conducted across
the nation in the 2004 presidential election. The report briefly covers the origins and history of
voter caging and follows with a survey of individual caging operations during this 50-year period.
The key findings are as follows:
• V oter caging is a practice of sending non-forwardable direct mail to registered voters and
using the returned mail to compile lists of voters, called “caging lists,†for the purpose of
challenging their eligibility to vote. In recent years, other techniques, such as database
matching, have been used to compile challenger lists.
[..]ocuments submitted during civil litigation have established that voter caging operations were
directed consciously and specifically at jurisdictions with large numbers of minority voters. At
least one public statement by a state Republican office-holder and private communication
between party officials evidence an unambiguous intent to suppress Black votes. Precincts
that had historically high percentage of voters supporting Democratic candidates, which were
often minority precincts, were also targeted for voter caging operations.
• M edia campaigns immediately before elections were a key part of voter caging operations.
Part of the strategy was to call a press conference to announce the filing of mass challenges
on the eve of the filing deadline. The challenges were billed as evidence of massive voter
fraud although the voter caging lists were, in fact, only evidence of returned mailings.
Frequently, the pre-election media campaigns alleging voter fraud were as vigorously, or
more vigorously, carried out than the challenges themselves.
[..]n 2004, political operatives targeted more than half a million voters in voter caging
campaigns in nine states. At least 77,000 voters had their eligibility challenged between
2004 and 2006.
• A t least five states with competitive political environments enacted changes to their voter
challenge statutes just before and after the 2004 election. Three states with Republicancontrolled
legislatures, Florida, Pennsylvania and Ohio, made it easier for private individuals
to challenge a voter’s eligibility while Washington and Minnesota passed laws making it
harder for private persons to challenge voters. Minnesota specifically outlawed the use of
caging lists compiled from returned mail sent by a political party.
[..]Although the National Voter Registration Act (NVRA ) prohibits election officials from canceling
the registration of voters merely because a single piece of mail has been returned, Republican
operatives have used the lists for many years in caging operations to challenge the voting rights of
thousands of minority and urban voters nationwide on the basis of returned mail alone. [..]The RN C is bound by a U.S. District Court consent decree
ordering it to obtain court approval before it engages in any type of ballot security program. Yet,
Republican-led caging operations continue unabated.
[..]The Ohio precincts in which approximately 91 percent of the state’s African American population
resided - including urban areas like Cleveland, Cincinnati, Dayton, Toledo, and Akron - were
targeted for challenges.48 The state Republican Party recruited about 3,600 challengers statewide
to carry out the plan.